Corrupción y renta petrolera: un análisis empírico de datos de panel
Corruption and Oil Rent: an Empirical Analysis of Panel Data
Abstract (en)
For some countries, having abundant natural resources such as oil has become a catalyst for economic development. However, for other countries this has ceased to be a blessing and has become a phenomenon characterized by unfavorable economic and institutional performance. This paradox is known as the curse of natural resources and has been studied by various authors since the 19th century. Corruption is among the main causes involved in this dynamic, affecting the efficient distribution of resources and long-term economic growth. The purpose of this study is to analyze the hypothesis that oil revenue increases corruption and whether this relationship is maintained depending on institutional and economic variables. It also determines whether there is a difference between the OPEC and non-OPEC member countries. To address the research questions, a main econometric model and two auxiliary models are developed. The first includes variables linked to the oil sector; the second incorporates institutional variables such as accountability, regulatory framework and political stability; and the third considers variables that capture the macroeconomic environment of the countries. The work is carried out during the period 1990-2017 and includes a sample of 47 countries, where 28% belong to OPEC. A panel data model is used through the minimum generalized squares methodology (FGLS) to make a more robust estimation. As the most relevant finding of the study, it was obtained that, with an increase of 1 percentage point in oil revenue as a percentage of GDP, the corruption index increases by 0.001806 units, this result being statistically significant at 1%. Similarly, when control variables at the institutional level and the macroeconomic environment are included, the relationship between oil revenue and corruption remains statistically significant. Finally, it was not possible to empirically prove that there is a significant difference between this relationship when discriminating between OPEC and non-OPEC countries.
Abstract (es)
Para algunos países poseer abundantes recursos naturales como el petróleo, se ha convertido en un catalizador para el desarrollo económico. Sin embargo, para otros países esto dejó de ser una bendición para convertirse en un fenómeno caracterizado por un desempeño económico e institucional poco favorable. Esta paradoja es conocida como la maldición de los recursos naturales y ha sido estudiada por diversos autores desde el siglo XIX. La corrupción se posiciona entre las principales causas que intervienen en esta dinámica, afectando la distribución eficiente de los recursos y el crecimiento económico a largo plazo. Este estudio tiene como propósito analizar la hipótesis que indica que la renta petrolera aumenta la corrupción y si esta relación se mantiene dependiendo de variables institucionales y económicas. Asimismo, se determina si existe una diferencia entre el grupo de países que son miembros de OPEP y los que no lo son. Para abordar las preguntas de investigación se elabora un modelo econométrico principal y dos modelos auxiliares. El primero incluye variables vinculadas al sector petrolero; en el segundo se incorporan variables institucionales como rendición de cuentas, marco regulatorio y estabilidad política; y el tercero considera variables que capturan el entorno macroeconómico de los países. El trabajo se realiza durante el periodo 1990-2017 y comprende una muestra de 47 países, donde el 28% pertenece a la OPEP. Particularmente, se emplea un modelo de datos de panel a través de la metodología mínimos cuadrados generalizados (FGLS), para hacer una estimación más robusta. Como hallazgo más relevante del estudio se obtuvo que ante un aumento de un (1) punto porcentual en la renta petrolera como porcentaje del PIB, el índice de corrupción incrementa en 0.001806 unidades, siendo este resultado significativo estadísticamente al 1%. De igual forma, al incluir variables de control a nivel institucional y de entorno macroeconómico, la relación entre renta petrolera y corrupción se mantiene significativa estadísticamente. Finalmente, no fue posible comprobar empíricamente que exista una diferencia significativa entre esa relación cuando se discrimina por grupo de países OPEP y no OPEP.
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